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How are computer chips made so small?

How chipmakers fit billions of transistors on a chip: how small a transistor really is and why "2 nm" is only a name, what a transistor does, why shrinking made them leak, the move from flat transistors to fins to gate-all-around, how the floating ribbons are built, how EUV light prints the patterns and how long a wafer spends in the factory. With a size slider from a hair down to the atoms.

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Why a Google Cloud outage can take down banking apps

On 20 October 2026 Google Cloud’s London region had an outage, which Google put down to a power event in one zone, and Revolut card payments were partly unavailable. What a cloud region and zone are, why banks rent the cloud, how one region can stop a card payment, why spreading across regions costs more, and what to do when your bank goes down, with an uptime calculator.

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